Initial, transition and recurrent training and checking requirements: Flight instructors

This regulation sets training and checking requirements for flight instructors working for Part 121 airlines. Before instructing, a person must complete initial or transition flight instructor training. Every 24 months, they must be observed conducting actual instruction by an FAA inspector, check pilot, or designated examiner—this can happen in an aircraft or simulator.

Initial ground training covers instructor duties, regulations, teaching methods, student evaluation, and corrective actions. Those without a flight instructor certificate must also learn fundamental teaching principles. Instructors who teach in simulators receive additional training on simulator operation and limitations.

Flight training ensures instructors can safely demonstrate and teach from either pilot seat, handle emergency situations during instruction, and understand the consequences of improper safety measures.

Transition training covers similar topics when moving to a new aircraft type. Simulator instructors must complete recurrent ground training every 12 months on simulator-specific subjects. The regulation allows a one-month grace period before or after due dates for observation checks.

*This is a plain-English summary for study only. The official 14 CFR text on this page is controlling — always read the current regulation and consult a CFI.*