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The Pilots Desk

Pilot certificates & ratings

Every certificate, rating, endorsement and medical explained — from student pilot to ATP, the instrument, multi-engine and type ratings, the instructor certificates, medicals and BasicMed, and how licenses convert between countries.

Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) certificate

The highest pilot certificate, required to captain an airliner — the 1,500-hour rule and restricted ATP.

Commercial pilot certificate

The certificate that lets you be paid to fly — requirements, privileges and the instrument-rating limitation.

Converting pilot licenses between countries

How licenses move between FAA, EASA and other ICAO states — validation vs conversion, and what it takes.

Flight instructor certificates (CFI, CFII, MEI)

The certificates that let you teach — and the most common way pilots build hours toward the airlines.

Instrument rating

The rating that lets you fly in cloud and the IFR system — what it adds and what it requires.

Medical certificates and BasicMed

The three classes of FAA medical, what each covers, and how BasicMed lets many pilots fly without one.

Multi-engine rating

Adding a class rating to fly aircraft with more than one engine — and the single-engine emergency focus.

Private pilot certificate

The cornerstone certificate — fly almost anywhere for personal travel, carry passengers, share costs.

Recreational pilot certificate

A middle tier between sport and private — more aircraft than sport, fewer privileges than private.

Sport pilot certificate

The lowest-cost U.S. pilot certificate — fly light-sport aircraft with a driver's license as your medical.

Student pilot certificate

The entry-level certificate that lets you fly solo under instructor supervision — privileges, limits and how to get one.

Type ratings

What a type rating is, which aircraft require one, and how pilots get type-rated.