Pilots: Initial, transition, conversion, and upgrade flight training

This regulation sets the flight training requirements for airline pilots undergoing initial, transition, conversion, or upgrade training under Part 121.

All pilots must receive training in windshear procedures (per the carrier's program and Appendix E) and extended envelope training. Pilots upgrading to captain need additional scenario-based training covering crew resource management, leadership, and command skills.

Most training must be conducted in actual flight, with important exceptions: windshear training must be done in an approved full flight simulator (FFS), and extended envelope training requires a Level C or higher simulator unless the FAA grants a deviation. Other maneuvers may be performed in simulators or training devices as Appendix E permits.

The regulation specifies minimum flight hours for initial training, varying by aircraft group (reciprocating, turboprop, or jet) and crew position. However, carriers using approved advanced simulator programs under §121.409 can substitute simulator training for much of the flight time, provided pilots complete all required maneuvers and pass proficiency checks.

*This is a plain-English summary for study only. The official 14 CFR text on this page is controlling — always read the current regulation and consult a CFI.*