Pilots: Initial, transition, and upgrade ground training

This regulation specifies the ground training topics that Part 135 operators must cover when pilots undergo initial training, transition to a new aircraft, or upgrade to a higher position (like captain). The training has two main components:

General subjects cover operational fundamentals applicable across the operation: company procedures for tracking flights, weight and balance calculations, weather theory (fronts, icing, thunderstorms, windshear), ATC procedures, navigation, communications, approach minimums awareness, and if applicable, ETOPS and polar operations passenger recovery plans.

Aircraft-specific training dives deep into each aircraft type the pilot will fly, including its systems, performance, limitations, and procedures. Particular emphasis is placed on weather hazards—recognizing and escaping severe weather, operating near thunderstorms and icing, and for airplanes, detailed ground icing procedures including deicing fluid use, contamination recognition, and holdover times.

This ensures pilots have both broad operational knowledge and specific aircraft expertise before flying passengers or cargo commercially.

*This is a plain-English summary for study only. The official 14 CFR text on this page is controlling — always read the current regulation and consult a CFI.*