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The Pilots Desk
US-FAA14 CFR 91.531

Second in command requirements

Read the official rule

This regulation specifies when you must have a second-in-command (copilot) for Part 91 operations. You need a second pilot when operating:

  • Aircraft type certificated for more than one required pilot
  • Any large airplane (over 12,500 pounds)
  • Any commuter category airplane

You can operate single-pilot if the aircraft is certificated for one pilot operation. There's also an exception for certain large or turbojet airplanes with special airworthiness certificates that were originally designed for single-pilot operation or were approved for it by the military.

When a second-in-command is required, that pilot must meet the qualifications in §61.55, which includes being appropriately rated and meeting recent experience requirements for the aircraft type. This regulation essentially ensures adequate crew for aircraft complexity and size, balancing safety with operational flexibility for aircraft designed for single-pilot operations.

*This is a plain-English summary for study only. The official 14 CFR text on this page is controlling — always read the current regulation and consult a CFI.*

This is an original plain-English explanation for training and reference, not legal advice and not for navigation. Always rely on the current official rule linked above. Last reviewed June 20, 2026.